Physical Exercise and GPA Essay

Physical training implies a wide range of things to individuals. To some it is a branch of knowledge which centers around physical preparing. Routinely, this has implied elevating exercises which lead to anatomical and physiological turn of events (Sansone, 2000). The thought of â€Å"PT† and calls to improve the state of being of our nation’s youth so as to give a solid base to the military have likewise been reliable with this thought (Ennis, 2001). Others have had a progressively extensive perspective on physical instruction and depicted the territory as â€Å"education through the physical,† instead of the physical (Pringle, 2000). Such an idea proposes, that contribution in an assortment of sports and games gives members chances to create physical ability, however to learn significant social qualities while creating alluring individual characteristics. A third significant push that has influenced the importance credited to the idea is related with its recreational capacity (Ruth, 2006). The premise of this subject is that individuals perform ideally when they have intermittent preoccupations from their ordinary â€Å"work† world, and that association in physical action can give important help and recharging. Firmly associated with this thought is that physical amusement gives a â€Å"wholesome† and useful utilization of one’s extra time (Lee2002). In spite of such pompous subjects, Duda (2001) has contended that inside the bigger setting of advanced education classes concentrating on the securing of talented developments and play are seen as â€Å"†¦ nonintellectual, nonacademic, trivial, and nonartistic† (p. 433). Because of such discernments he accepts that physical instruction is consigned to a fringe job in the institute, and its professionals take care of its negligible status in their day by day lives. Moreover, Duda recommends that a huge piece of physical instruction neglecting to pick up acknowledgment in advanced education is an outcome of the static rules used to evaluate scholastic incentive as a rule. As per his examination estimation of a curricular contribution is regularly founded on such things as the scholarly test of material, the degree to which topic is sorted as scholastic as opposed to motoric, the value of learning different aptitudes, and the social criticalness of a region of study. His suggestion for changing physical education’s predicament is to persuade those utilizing such rules to survey worth in more extensive, and less dualistic ways. Thus the sorts of difficulties introduced in physical aptitude securing circumstances may be comprehended as significant improvements for creating human limits that supplement those limits procured from progressively ordinary scholarly interests. While reevaluating measures that ought to be utilized for making a decision about scholastic worth might be excellent, how this may come about is hard to consider. Another option and, yet, a lot more straightforward methodology for improving the reasonability of physical training classes in advanced education is to improve the nature of understudy results. Generally, it might be that the incorporation of physical instruction in advanced education isn't challenged on philosophical grounds, however on operational ones. As Duda (2001) passes on â€Å"†¦ execution classes are elective, not required. Expertise educators are once in a while employed as residency track staff. Credit toward graduation may not be given for such classes, and reviewing is frequently pass/fall flat. Passing imprints are basically guaranteed with a decent participation record† (p. 437). On the off chance that such a profile is exact, it is hard to see how understudy accomplishment can be huge or the whole endeavor saw as fundamental to the general educational program. For sure, such a profile indicates, that the physical instruction educational program is delicate, and that whether understudies procure certain data as well as ace explicit abilities is questionable. Considering physical education’s past philosophical topics and its present patterns of giving chances to understudies to: (a) reproduce, (b) manufacture and keep up wellbeing through exercise, (c) figure out how to contend and collaborate, and (d) create explicit game aptitudes and levels of wellness, teachers regularly experience issues in distinguishing and using significant reviewing models. This has been credited to both philosophical (Midgley, 2001) and administrative (Pringle, 2000) concerns. In reality, as saw by Church (2001) numerous physical teachers register grades dependent on understudy practices which are inconsequential to execution or information destinations, for example, dress, interest, and control. Strangely, Ennis (2001) found that in schools and colleges for all intents and purposes all reviewing in physical training is left to the prudence of the teacher, including choice of rules and instruments to be utilized to evaluate understudy accomplishment. They additionally detailed a pattern toward less testing of numerous types. Thusly, it isn't astounding that with such a significant number of thoughts regarding what is to be practiced, thus little power over how this ought to be done, it is troublesome, if not difficult to decide the estimation of physical movement courses in the general educational program. To be sure, it is one thing to give sound philosophical contentions to why a specific control has a place in the educational plan, and very another to operationalize the way of thinking with the goal that its quintessence is realized. Late examinations propose the significance of target evaluation not just as a gadget to advance the authenticity of physical instruction in a scholastic setting, yet as a device to advance learning. For instance, Pringle (2000) indicated that understudy accomplishment in table tennis classes mirrored the focal point of assessment. Understudies evaluated absolutely on physical abilities performed most skilfully toward the finish of a class performed most skilfully, while those reviewed on participation and interest had lower execution scores yet the most elevated participation rates. Too, Lee (2002), exhibited how the correct utilization of assessment and evaluating instruments advances on task conduct and unrivaled aptitude improvement in volleyball. Chen (2001), utilizing a riflery task, additionally showed that evaluating dependent on task ability was better than reviewing dependent on interest when aptitude improvement was inspected. Hidi (2000) further contends that the fitting utilization of evaluating can advance inspirational perspectives towards a course, build up a student’s feeling of certainty, and lead to considerable accomplishment. The motivation behind why a crack exists between utilizing evaluating as an indispensable piece of the learning procedure, and utilizing it just to satisfy managerial prerequisites apparently is a mind boggling issue that includes philosophical, specialized, and handy issues (Duda, 2001). However, in when responsibility is normal, and when cost cutting is broad, exact proof for the respectability of a program is basic. What and how we grade passes on a lot about what our identity is, our specialty, what we can achieve, how we are seen by others outside of our field, and whether physical training is considered as basic to the strategic instruction. Consequently, the motivation behind the current examination was to secure observational expressive information about reviewing of physical instruction in advanced education. Considering our field’s history of unique philosophical perspectives, aggressive, and regularly uncertain objectives, and its protective situation in advanced education (Duda, 2001), an assessment of what and how we evaluation would apparently reveal insight into where we are as a control. Moreover, such an examination may help recognize significant issues that should be tended to and settled on the off chance that we are to pick up the level of acknowledgment the field has so frantically looked for throughout the years. Strategy Instrument To gain data about school physical instruction programs a survey was created which, notwithstanding mentioning data about an institution’s profile (e. g. , open private, size, inexact level of understudies took a crack at physical instruction, and so forth , posed a progression of inquiries about its physical training movement program. These included: (a) regardless of whether understudies got scholarly credit which included in a student’s GPA, (b) the number and span of class gatherings, (c) how significant different factors, for example, aptitude improvement, exertion, and participation were in registering an evaluation, (d) whether the division had an arrangement on reviewing, (e) the rough rate breakdown of evaluations granted (e. g. , As, Bs, Cs, and so on ), and (f) regardless of whether the issue of evaluating had been considered by the office in the previous five years. Preceding mailing the study, questions were pilot tried on a gathering of five senior university employees in a division of activity and game investigations. These people each had instructed undergrad and graduate hypothesis courses just as an assortment of undergrad physical action classes at various schools and colleges. They were very learned about various sorts of administration programs (e. g. , credit, required, no credit non-required) and how they commonly worked. Moreover, they were notified of the questionnaire’s plan, and were approached to give criticism on the clearness of inquiries just as the instrument’s generally design. In light of criticism from this gathering, questions were rephrased, included and erased. Also, the succession of inquiries was amended to give an increasingly intelligible structure. The last form of the study contained eight inquiries, some of which had subparts. Too, pilot testing exhibited that a respondent could finish the survey in around ten minutes. Coding of Data As reviews were returned information were coded into an Excel Spreadsheet by two prepared colleagues, and afterward broke down utilizing Exel’s measurable capacities. It is essential to report that during the information decrease process it got apparent, as passed on by various respo

Bi Polar Essay Research Paper Maggie shows free essay sample

Bi Polar Essay, Research Paper Maggie appears in the exigency room searching for Abby. At the point when Frank comes to state Abby that her female parent is at that place, Abby takes a short look and says she does non cognize who that grown-up female is. In this way, Maggie holds up about in the E.R. for a piece, giving the staff beigels and java. Kerry along these lines educates Maggie that Abby, in fact, has said she # 8217 ; s lying. Following she was told the knowledge, she goes on a fierce issue all through the E.R. yelling for her young lady. When Maggie sees Abby, she tells everybody that Abby is her young lady and Abby welcomes her female parent. Kerry is amazed at what Abby said on the grounds that she disclosed to Frank that she did non cognize who that grown-up female was. In the wake of seeing Maggie # 8217 ; s activities, Kerry consequently goes to the choice that Maggie is bipolar, and exchanges to Abby about it. This was an ongoing scene of E.R. ; in existent life, at any rate 2 million Americans experience the ill effects of what is called Manic-burdensome Illness, also called bipolar bombshell. It is a psychological unwellness influencing scenes of genuine energy and sadness. The individual # 8217 ; s tempers typically swing from unreasonably # 8220 ; high # 8221 ; and crotchety to dismal and miserable thus back again, with times of ordinary temper in the middle of ( Bellenir276 ) . The isolating element of Bipolar Disorder, when contrasted with other temper upsets, is the nearness of at any rate one excited scene. Also, it is attempted to be an incessant status on the grounds that the tremendous heft of people who have one hyper scene have additional scenes in the great beyond. The insights propose that four scenes in ten mature ages is a mean, without preventive mediation. Each individual with bipolar bombshell has an alone type of temper rhythms, joining sadness and furious scenes, which is explicit to that individual, however unsurprising one time the structure is recognized. Research surveies recommend a solid familial impact in bipolar surprise. Bipolar bombshell commonly starts in youth or early development and proceeds all through life. It is as often as possible non perceived as a mental activity, since it is episodicthose. Powerful mediation is accessible for bipolar disturbed. The most significant mediation issue is rebelliousness with intercession. A s the furious scene headways, focus turns out to be hard, accepting turns out to be increasingly pretentious, and employments create. Tragically, the peril facing conduct regularly results in significant excruciating impacts, for example, loss of an occupation or a relationship, adding to over the top obligations, or securing into legitimate difficulties. Numerous people with bipolar miracle abuse medications or intoxicant during furious scenes, and a portion of these create auxiliary substance abuse employments. A furious scene is an anomalous raised, far reaching or irritable temper, non identified with substance abuse or a clinical status, that goes on for at any rate a hebdomad, and remembers a figure of irritations for conduct and imagined that results in significant life convenience occupations. Incessant conduct that shows up somewhat like excited conduct is almost certain ADHD or grounds of character work. It might be useful to accept of the varying temper territories in hyp er burdensome unwellness as a range or continuous extension. At one terminal is horrible sadness, which conceals into moderate sorrow ; so come gentle and brief temper irritations that numerous individuals call # 8220 ; the blues, # 8221 ; so ordinary temper, so hypomania ( a mellow signifier of energy ) , thus enthusiasm. A few people with untreated bipolar surprise have rehashed despondencies and simply a periodic scene of hypomania ( bipolar II ) . In the other outrageous, enthusiasm might be the main occupation and gloom may happen simply inconsistently. Indeed, side effects of energy and melancholy might be different together in an individual # 8220 ; arranged # 8221 ; bipolar area ( Bellenir 278 ) . An early sign of hyper burdensome unwellness might be hypomania # 8211 ; a region wherein the individual shows a high level of vitality, unreasonable crankiness or crossness, and unprompted or imprudent conduct. Hypomania may encounter great to the person who encounters it. Along these lines, in any event, when family unit and companions figure out how to recognize the temper swings ; the individual as often as possible will deny that anything is off base. In its initial stages, bipolar surprise may take on the appearance of an occupation other than m ental unwellness. For delineation, it might preeminent look as intoxicant or medication abuse, or hapless school or work open introduction. Whenever left untreated, bipolar miracle will in general decay, and the individual encounters scenes of completely fledged enthusiasm and clinical despondency. Mental intercession every now and again centers around the existence convenience employments that create in light of the excited scenes, and in helping the single recognize the approaching of a furious scene and make disciplinary move. Steady direction is required, to help the single acknowledge that he/she has a constant mental activity that will hold a significant effect on life bearing. Anybody with bipolar bombshell ought to be under the consideration of a head-shrinker talented in its diagnosing and intercession, each piece great as a clinician. Therapists give the individual and their family unit with help, guidance, get bying achievements creating, they other than help oversee the m anifestations and elevate the individual to go on clinical mediation. The head-shrinker screens the medication that is regularly required with this disturbed. Practically all individuals with bipolar annoyed, even those with the most awful signifiers, can get noteworthy adjustment of their temper swings. One medication, Li, is typically extremely useful in instructing energy and hindering the arrival of both furious and burdensome scenes. Generally late, the temper balancing out antiepileptics carbamazepine and valproate have other than been discovered utile, especially in increasingly obstinate bipolar scenes. Regularly these prescriptions are joined with Li for maximal result. A few researchers have guessed that the anticonvulsant meds work since they have a result on tinder, a technique wherein the encephalon turns out to be logically delicate to accentuate lastly starts to demo scenes of unnatural movement even without a stressor. It is believed that Li Acts of the Apostless to blockade the early periods of this tinder system and that carbamazepine and valproate act along these lines. Youngsters and fledglings with bipolar surprise are all things considered treated with Li, yet carbamazepine and valproate are other than utilized. Valproate has late been endorsed by the Food and Drug Administration for intercession of ague enthusiasm. The high power benzodiazepines clonazepam and Ativan might be useful extras for sleep deprivation. Thyroid growth may other than be of significant worth. For gloom, a few sorts of antidepressants can be utile when joined with Li, carbamazepine, or valproate. Building a real existence outline of temper manifestations, medications, and life occasions may help the wellbeing consideration expert to deal with the unwellness ideally. Since hyper burdensome unwellness is enduring, since quite a while ago run protection ( prophylactic ) mediation is very suggested and about ever demonstrated. Bi polar unwellness has been analyzed in kids younger than 12, in spite of the fact that it is non normal in this age section. The manifestations can be mistaken for consideration shortage/hyperactivity upset, so cautious diagnosing is essential. There is no existent solution for excited wretchedness at present, however through the utilization of checked medication plans it is conceivable to streamline and chop down the frequence of highs and the dejections, and in certain occurrences scenes might be all together forestalled. A grouping of prescriptions are utilized to deal with bi polar miracle, yet even with ideal medication mediation, numerous individuals do non achieve full remittal of side effects. Without intercession, wedding separations, occupation misfortune, intoxicant and medication abuse, and implosion may result from the interminable, long winded temper swings. The mediation individuals need to take will be for the rest of their lives and a few people do non like to inco nvenience oneself taking their meds. I have neer experienced a person with bipolar bombshell, however now I realize that when I am strolling down the road the faces I see are non just ordinary individuals. By taking a gander at an individual you realize that there is a story behind that face. At the point when I stare at the Television I ever observe ads about melancholy yet I neer idea that such huge numbers of individuals are analyzed, non to advert the numerous signifiers of despondency. Bipolar bombshell is one of the most hard signifiers of melancholy to populate a smooth existence with. There are numerous topographic focuses for individuals to procure help ; I just expectation they take the risks. 317

4th Grade Essay Topics

4th Grade Essay TopicsFor the information and tips that I would like to share with you to help you with your 4th grade essay topics, this article will give you some good information that will help you choose the most appropriate topic to write your essay. There are just a few things that you will need to consider if you are a student who needs to be prepared to get into a good college. Let me share with you these things so that you can use them to your advantage to write the best essay.The first thing that you should do is to check the available resources that are available to you so that you can choose the appropriate topic for your essay. There are many online sites that offer some free resources, but you will need to use them before you can use their materials. You can use these free resources but you will also need to spend some money to get access to the good resources that are not available for free.Some good online resources that you can use are those that you find on the Inte rnet. You can use these resources to get help from other students who have the same topic as you. This is the best way to save time because you will not need to read books that are outdated.A good resource is your local library. You can find many books that are relevant to your topic in your local library. This way, you will not need to spend some time to find the best resource that is available to you.You will also need to get your essay ready for you to get the best grade that you can. This means that you will need to find the right structure for your essay and the right topic for you to be able to get the best grade that you deserve.Some tips for writing your essay topics are as follows. First, you will need to choose the topic that is relevant to your grade in the course. Make sure that you will write an introduction, a conclusion, and a body of your essay.Another good idea is to get some idea of how many students are grading you for this course. You can use this number to know the response that you can expect for this topic. You will get this number after you get your assignment.

Common Sense - 1980 Words

Omar El-Azhary 6 May 2012 Common Sense Making people understand a serious situation like America’s independence is not easy, but Thomas Paine was able to do so through his book, Common Sense. Thomas Paine was able to communicate his ideas to common simple farmers and to the high class intellectuals very easily. He lived at the time of the American Revolution, and Common Sense is one of his main publications that urged Americas’ independence from the British. Born in 1937, Thomas Paine was originally an English man to his father, and he holds radical views on religion which caused him criticism and so little people attending his funeral when he died at 1809. Paine live in a critical time, he lived in the time period that is the most†¦show more content†¦He argues in his book that it was one of the biggest mistakes in history to bring a monarchy succession. Paine thinks it is very important for people to understand that man originally was in the state of equality, which means that inequality was cause d by some certain circumstances which are in America’s case, the British occupation. Originally, there were no kings, until the ancient Jews demanded one, and from here it started. Paine considers this as a sin because god only should rule over the people. The ancient Jews asked the prophet Samuel to have a king, at first he tried to dissuade them, but he couldn’t. They insisted on having a king, until they had one. This story in Paine’s opinion must be known by everyone in order to understand what is happening in America, and why they should face it and stop it. A revolution must be held by people who understand the situation, and why it is wrong, Paine had the evidence to prove that the British in America is wrong, and that they must have no king and a heredity succession. Thus, they have to make a Revolution, which is the American Revolution, urging for America’s Independence. Paine even gives more and more evidence to prove that the monarchy and the heredity succession system is absolutely a mistake that must be fixed. He explains that the Bible is in opposition of the monarchy and heredity system. This means, Paine describes, that God is in opposition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Apology For Thomas Paines Common Sense749 Words   |  3 Pageswith a severe lack of common sense in the modern world is rapidly increasing. Without this common sense, the world turns into a mass of chaos and confusion. According to Merriam-Webster, common sense is defined by having sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. Our world is in a grave and desperate drought of common sense, and the only way to quench this thirst is to reevaluate ourselves, our thoughts, and our practices. Common sense begins with respect forRead MoreCommon Sense1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years to follow his father’s trade. Paine didn’t do so well a t that either and he experimented with other jobs such as a privateer, an excise, and finally a journalist. Paine became an important figure publishing many of his works including â€Å"Common Sense†, an influential piece that pushed for independence, which was published in 1776 and followed by â€Å"The American Crisis†. Later in his lifetime, he was arrested for not supporting the execution of Louis XVI and was put away in jail for some timeRead MoreSubcultures Of Common Sense766 Words   |  4 Pagesby a car and the driver evacuates the scene. Is it common sense to file a police report or hunt down the perpetrator yourself? I believe most Americans will choose the former over the latter based on their perception of common sense. However, if someone chooses to seek retribution for the hit and run by themselves, do they then lack common sense or does their common sense merely differ from ours? The Merriam Webster dictionary defines common sense as a â€Å"sound and prudent judgment based on a simpleRead MoreCommon Sense Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Sense The persuasion towards independence represented through the pamphlet Common Sense, is largely effective. The work portrays the unjust treatment received by the colonies from the mother country, England. Thomas Paine begins with the creation of government, as lived by the colonist, and progresses to the wrongful acts administered by Parliament and the King of England. Finally, Thomas Paine gives confidence to the unity of the colonies, and details a forceful removal of EnglishRead MoreEssay on Common Sense1172 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Independence, Thomas Paine offers much advice in both Common Sense, and The Crisis. Paine offers very strong arguments in Common Sense, which are supported by his own reason, his sensibility, his common sense and by his ability to draw inference from what has already happened. Paine uses every element in his ability to help give more depth to his arguments and plans. However, of all the cases Thomas Paine makes in Common Sense, the ultimate g oal of Paine is to incite the American PublicRead More Common Sense Essay579 Words   |  3 Pages In Common Sense, by Thomas Paine writes that America cannot recon ciliate with Great Britain. Paine gives many examples in this document of why America cannot reconsolidates with Great Britain. One of them is there is no advantages to being connected to Great Britain; only disadvantages can come out of the connection and the second idea is British government must sooner or later end. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the first point about the connection with the British, Paine states that AmericaRead MoreCommon Sense Essay623 Words   |  3 PagesAfter reading excerpts from the pamphlet â€Å"Common Sense†, written by Thomas Paine in 1776, I developed a sense of understanding for many different aspects of the article. About a quarter of the way through, I found myself very much interested in what I was reading. However, I was interested to an extent where I felt as if I was living in the 18th century and I strongly agreed with everything Thomas Paine was saying. By the end of the reading, I felt overwhelmingly opposed to the British, and I wasRead More Common Sense Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages Common Sense. By Thomas Paine. Edited with an Introduction by Isaac Kramnic. (New York: Penguin Books, 1986). amp;nbsp; amp;#9;Recently, I acquired a copy of Thomas Paine’s most recent patriotic pamphlet, entitled Common Sense. I was immediately interested in what Paine had to say in his new work, after such powerful previous works, such as The Crisis series. I was nothing less than astonished at how Paine so powerfully conveyed his patriotic message. Paine theorizes a split between EnglandRead MoreTheories Of The Common Sense960 Words   |  4 PagesQuestioning whether or not people make choices seems to be an arbitrary concept to ponder. Common sense causes one to believe that, of course, humans make choices daily. Even now, common sense dictates that it is a choice to read this paper or even for this paper to be written at all. However, according to one form of early philosophy, common sense has led society astray. Each event that occurs throughout the universe has causation such that one never acts of his or her own free will. This theoryRead MoreChild Care: As It Has Always Been in The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care by Dr. Benjamin Spock1514 Words   |  7 PagesInitially published in 1845 by Dr. Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care revolutionized parenting, and thus, the upbringing of an entire generation and those following. As society changed, new editions of the original handbook emerged to fit the lifestyle of the current population. Dr. Spock wrote seven editions of The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care alongside a prestigious pediatrician, Steven Parker, before his death in 1998. I read the ninth addition of the manual

The Trauma Of The Wounded Troop - 932 Words

Imagine yourself in a war zone, amidst combat. One of your fellow brethren has just been severely injured, he has just set off an IED. His lower limbs are missing and a mangled mess of flesh has replaced his legs. He is bleeding profusely and becoming hypovolemic and will soon enter irreversible shock if not treated. All you hear is rifle rounds cracking over your head, incoming mortar fire and the agonizing screams for help form the wounded troop. The detrimental psychological aftermath of such an experience can be extremely traumatic. Now imagine the same scenario but in this instance the wounded troop is female. Even though both scenarios are traumatic regardless of the the gender of the casualty. As males we are culturally conditioned to have a protective mechanism over females. I would feel the need to place myself and the mission at jeopardy not only to protect but to save a female in distress. In this environment this is not the ideal course of action, as it will possibly end up costing your life and be detrimental to the accomplishment of the mission. I agree that women have the right serve their county in the armed forces, should they choose to do so. There are plenty military occupations for women ranging from positions in the medical, logistic, to the intelligence fields-but I strongly agree that combat arms in not one of them. Women have a different physiological structure than men. â€Å"Compared with men, women have increased pelvic width, forefoot pronation, heelShow MoreRelatedThe War During The Great War1206 Words   |  5 Pagessurviving and fighting in the trenches. Due to the Great War’s seemingly endless stalemate, troops experienced extended periods of downtime in between offensives, and could subsequently allow troops to dwell on their anxieties and traumas. To improve trench conditions and stave off the idleness of trench life, busy routines and drills were established. Although routines varied, they typically consisted of troops cleaning their trenches, inspecting their rifles, and alternating in sentry duty. GravesRead MoreThe Cold War : Cambodia980 Words   |  4 Pagesbut eventually they joined the American’s side. Americans brought their troops into Cambodia in order to fight Vietnam. This caused major conflict and turned Cambodia into a warzone. As depicted in The Killing Fields and the articles we read for class, bombs were killing hundreds of Cambodian civilians. Their hospitals were overflowing with wounded and dying men, women, and children. Cambodians desperately wanted American troops to leave so they gathered ar ound Pol Pot. Pol Pot was the leader of theRead MoreLower Rank And Higher Incidence Of Ptsd During Veterans Of Oef / Oif3424 Words   |  14 Pages 2004), and significantly higher rates in conflict ridden areas like Algeria, Cambodia, and Gaza, will experience a â€Å"catastrophic stressor†¦ [or a stressor] outside the range of usual human experience† in their lifetime (Friedman, 2014). PTSD is a Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorder (DSM-5 271) which results from witnessing a traumatic event and being unable to process it. History Although PTSD is a diagnosis of relatively recent creation, the effects of stress created by war and other catastrophesRead MoreA Report On The Vietnam War1419 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical companies followed certain procedures. After admission, a patient would receive treatment and if he could recover from disease or wounds within 120 days and return to duty. If additional care was required, he was shipped back to the U.S. As troop buildups continued and the war became more violent and widespread throughout South Vietnam, Navy medical personnel had ample business. The types and severity of the injuries were those typically inflicted by the weapons of war: mines, high-velocityRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2491 Words   |  10 Pagesexposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someone elses physical, sexual, or psychological integrity, overwhelming the i ndividuals ability to cope. As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen acute stress response. Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include re-experiencing the original trauma(s) through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidanceRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2507 Words   |  11 Pagesexposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someone elses physical, sexual, or psychological integrity, overwhelming the individuals ability to cope. As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen acute stress response. Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include re-experiencing the original trauma(s) through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidanceRead MoreUrban Excursion : Korean War Veterans Memorial996 Words   |  4 Pageswas dedicated to the 5.8 million Americans that ser ved and sacrificed in the Korean War. During its relatively short duration from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, 36,374 Americans died in battle at the Korean War theater. In addition, 103, 284 were wounded during the conflict. The Korean War is noted as one of the most hard fought battle in our history. The U.S Congress approved the construction of the Korean War Veterans Memorial in 1985. It then broke ground on June 14, 1992 and on July 27,1995, TheRead More Vietnam Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesto overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle grew into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into an international conflict. The United States and some 40 other countries supported South Vietnam by supplying troops and munitions, and the USSR and the Peoples Republic of China furnished munitions to North Vietnam and the Vietcong. On both sides, however, the burden of the war fell mainly on the civilians.1 On January 27, in Paris, delegations representingRead MoreThe Government Doesn t Care About Wounded Veterans1611 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Wurtz Professor Davis English 102 Final Paper 5/11/15 The Government Doesn’t Care About Wounded Veterans Veterans make up seven percent of the American population, but they account for twenty percent of its suicides. Yes, that is indeed a real statistic, more importantly, what is the government, the people that ordered those men and women deliberately into harm’s way, doing about this tragedy. In light of recent conflicts the United States has been engaging in, such as the conflicts in theRead MoreEssay about The Korean War1610 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 19th, 1950 (Korean, 2011). General MacArthur sent American troops deep into the South. United State Senators went on television and radio and demanded that Truman use atomic bombs on Korea and on Red China. But General MacArthur publicly disagreed with President Truman. On April 11th, 1951, Truman dismissed MacArthur and replaced him with Matthew Ridgway (Kallen p.13). Some positive effects of sending United nation troops to fight in the Korean War include preventing a World War 3. South

Rrefugee Crisis

Question: Discuss at least two factors that have contributed to the current refugee crisis. Describe what effects have occurred as a result either for the destination countries or for the lives of the refugees. Answer: Introduction: In the recent times, large numbers of people are forced to drive out from their house or flee because of the conflicts that occur within the inter-countries dispute. The disturbance caused by the natural calamities even force people from one country to re-habit in the other country. The displacement from the actual place to a new location makes them face a lot of problems since they do not have any protection against the international law. The victims run from the place of habitat and lands up to some underdeveloped countries resulting no securities and protection for them. The situation becomes worst during the wartime, or when they arrive at a different place they fall prey to the scarcity of food, water, shelter and even medical care. When they leave their home, they leave behind the valuable as well as the and even dont have the guarantee whether they will be able to get a new place or even if they get, whether they will be allowed or not. Discussion: The refugee crisis is not a very recent occurrence of the world. But, it is new to the Europe and Western countries. The recent refugee crisis reasons have a huge contribution from the Syrian Civil War. The statistics compiled by the UN shows the huge number that has turned to the refugees. The refugee statuses of the people have made an effect on the education system of the children. The lack of the fund system has made the situation even worse for the people who stay in the refugee camp. The second factor of the refugee crisis increased due to the lack of accommodation in the Middle East. Hence, now it is impossible for the Syrians to make a legal entry in such places. The majority do not have the legal permission to work resulting in the lack of assurance for their family and the continuation of the children's education. In the view of (Mayer Chuman, 2014), even the environment they live in is filled with some junkyard with the smell of the diesel and garbage. Even for such places, the owner charges a high rate, making them impossible to re-habit. By the international law with concern to the refugee and human rights law, the migrants deserve rights as well as opportunities with a hope of good futures. The people who migrants have the right to seek asylum from the host country. But lately, it is observed that the legislations and the applications bear a gap going adversely against the human rights law which is a positive law. As stated by (Carlier, 2016), that the U.S. and the Canadian government responses to the Syrian refugees in a different manner. The Canadian while allowed 25,000 refugees to resettle; the U.S. put a ban in the plan of Obama for resettling 10,000 more refugees. It is believed that the presence or the absence of multi-cultural policies or the degrees of Islamophobia and the number of terrorist attacks might be the reason for such difference. In the view of (Silverman Nethery, 2015), nowadays, due to the increasing tensions in the countries especially a country like Syria, many countries have adopted the restriction policy of the re-habiting of the refugees. Upon such conditions, the detentions have increased at an alarming rate and the countries even approved the categorization while the detention is made. Usually, two types of people are detained, like, the person without any valid stay permit or the person whose stay permits has expired. Now the question is if there is any emergency immigration of the refugee then from where they will get a valid permit. The Syrian case is a matter of importance since the rate of the refugee level is increasing at an alarming rate due to the civil war that started in 2014. The detention is required for the administrative level purposes resulting for further examining of the visas, which takes a long time and increases the harassment of the immigrants due to the lack of protection. (Kearns et al., 2016) explains that the increasing number of the refugees often results in the migration to the unhealthy places resulting in population explosion with increased level of the health deteriorates. Conclusion: The discussion aims here to enhance the awareness of the condition that the refugees are facing with the deteriorating the health and lack of education to the children. If such conditions keep on rising due to some of the administrative declarations, then the place will fill up with the unhealthy environment and higher rate of crime activities. References: Balsari, S., Abisaab, J., Hamill, K., Leaning, J. (2015). Syrian refugee crisis: when aid is not enough.Lancet,385(9972), 942. Carlier, M. (2016). Explaining Differences in the Canadian and American Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis.7JSHJOJB 1PMJDZ 3FWJFX, 56. Kearns, A., Whitley, E., Egan, M., Tabbner, C., Tannahill, C. (2016). Healthy Migrants in an Unhealthy City? The Effects of Time on the Health of Migrants Living in Deprived Areas of Glasgow.Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1-24. Mayer, R., Chuman, J. (2014).The Syrian Refugee Crisis: The Tensions between Refugee Rights and Host Country Capacity(Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis), Columbia University, Online. Retrieved from https://www. academia. edu/13150740/The_Syrian_Refugee_Crisis_The_Tensions_Between_ Refugee_Rights_and_Host_Country_Capacity), pp- 1-6 Silverman, S. J., Nethery, A. (2015). Understanding immigration detention and its human impact.Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and Its Human Impact,6, 1.

Marketing Management Essay Example

Marketing Management Essay | You are here: * Home * Business * Small Business Information * Marketing * Marketing management Marketing/Marketing management Advertisement Expert:  Leo Lingham   10/7/2009 Question Sir could you please answer the following two questions for me? I need your help in answering these. PLease reply me as soon as possible. 1. Marketing management an artistic exercise and therefore highly subjective versus marketing management is largely a scientific excercise with well established guidelines and criteria 2. How does cause or corporate societal marketing affect consumers personal behavior? Clarify in context to the products and services you are using or planning to purchase. Answer SARA, HERE IS   SOME USEFUL   MATERIAL. REGARDS LEO LINGHAM ========================================= 1. Marketing management an artistic exercise and therefore highly subjective versus marketing management is largely a scientific excercise with well established guidelines and criteria MARKETING   MANAGEMENT   IS   A   SCIENTIFIC EXERCISE   WITH   ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES/ OBJECTIVES. SCOPE   Ã‚  OF   MARKETING   MANAGEMENT Establish   , direct, administer   and   coordinate the   overall product marketing programs   Ã‚  for   all   Ã‚  Products.. Strategically   plan for, develop   and profitably penetrate   the   markets to which   the   products, services   and   capabilities   of   the   company   can be directed. These   activities   include -studying economic indicators -tracking   changes in   supply   and   demand -identifying customers   and   their   current   and   future needs -monitoring the competition. ========================================================= THIS SCOPE   IS   Ã‚  THE RESULT   OF THE   FOLLOWING: * Analysis * Discussion * judgement Illustration * Decision ON   THESE   Ã‚  ELEMENTS. External Analysis 1. Customer Analysis Segments Motivations Unmet Needs 2. Competitor Analysis Identify Performance Image Objectives Strategies Strengths Weaknesses 3. Market Analysis Size Projected Growth Entry Barriers D istribution System Trends Key Success factors 4. Environmental Analysis Technology Government Regulations Economic Trend I A. Opportunities B. Threats C. Trends D. Others Customer/Market Segment Analysis SEGMENTATION Biggest Customers/Market Segments Profitable ones/Attractive Potential We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Needs Buying Characteristics CONSIDER THE VARIABLES 1) Benefits sought 2) Usagelevel 3) Application 4) Organisational type 5) Geographic location 6) Customer loyalty 7) Price sensitivity 8) Competition MOTIVATION What elements of the product/service do the Customers/segments value most? What are their objectives? What are they really buying? What are their priorities? What changes are taking place? UNMET NEEDS Why are some customers/segments dissatisfied? Why are some changing brands or suppliers? What are some unmet needs they can identify? What are some unmet needs they are unaware of? Competition Analysis WHO ARE THE COMPETITORS? †¢ Against whom do we usually compete? †¢ Who are our most intense competitors? †¢ Who are our less intense but still serious competitors? †¢ What are the substitute products? †¢ Can these competitors be grouped on the basis of their products or strategies? †¢ Are there any potential competitive entrants? EVALUATING THE COMPETITORS †¢ What are their strategies? Their level of commitment? Do they have a significant advantage or disadvantage? †¢ What is their image/positioning strategy? †¢ Which are the most successful/unsuccessful competitors? Why? What are their strengths/weaknesses? †¢ What are their leverage points? Structure of the Segment/Customer 1. SIZE AND GROWTH †¢ What are their size and growth characteristics? †¢ What are the driving forces behind their sales trends? 2. POTENTIAL AND PROFITABILITY †¢ How intense is the competition among existing suppliers? †¢ What is the threat from potential entrants? †¢ What is the bargaining power of suppliers? †¢ What is the bargaining power of buyers? †¢ How difficult is selling into these accounts or segments? 3. PRICE †¢ What are the value added components for various types of competitors? . DISTRIBUTION †¢ What are the alternative ways of servicing this segment or account? 5. TRENDS †¢ What are the trends in this segment/customer? 6. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS †¢ What are the key success factors needed to compete successfully? Environmental Analysis 1. TECHNOLOGY †¢What technological development or trends are affecting or could affect the segment/customer? †¢To what extent are existing technologies maturing? 2. GOVERNMENT †¢What changes in regulations are possible? †¢What will their impact be? 3. ECONOMICS †¢What are economic prospects and inflation in which the segment/customer operates? How will they affect strategy? 4. GENERAL TRENDS †¢ What are the significant trends/future events? †¢What threats and opportunities do you see? †¢What are the areas of uncertainty? †¢What is the impact of these on your strategy? Internal Analysis 1. Performance Analysis †¢ Sales †¢ Profitability †¢ Product Quality †¢ Customer Satisfaction †¢ Cost †¢ Product Performance 2. Determinants of Strategic Options †¢ Past Strategy †¢ Current Strategy †¢ Strategic Problems †¢ Organisational capabilities and Constraints †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses A. Strengths B. Weaknesses C. Problems D. Constraints E. Others OPPORTUNITIES What to look for New Market Segments New Customer More sales in the current customers New end uses New / modified products New geographical locations Displacing competition Others: THREATS What to look f or Competition Declining Market Reduction in the No. s of customers Others UNCERTAINTIES What to look for Demand Legislation Availability †¢ Technical Development (Product) †¢ Financial Resource †¢ Pricing / G. P. †¢ Customer Satisfaction / Buying Policies †¢ Others OBSTACLES What to look for Sales Representation Production /Raw Materials Sourcing Distribution Inadequate Promotion Support †¢ Inventory Customer Service †¢ Others Sustainable Competitive Advantage, What are they? 1 . Reputation 2. Quality 3. Customer Service 4. Product Support 5. Productline depth? 6. Productline breadth? 7. Technical superiority 8. Customer base 9. Market share 10. Size 11. Distribution 12. Adaptable operation 13. Sales force network 14. Powerful wellknown parent comp any 15. Good engineering 16. Distributor support 17. Customer oriented 18. Continued product innovation 19. Product convenience 20. Financial package THE OUTCOME   OF   THESE ANALYSES AND   DECISIONS : . Corporate   VISION 2. Corporate   Mission 3. Corporate   Objective 4. Corporate   Strategy 5. Corporate   Organization   Policy/ Budget   Guidelines. 6. Corporate   MARKETING   Ã‚  objective/ strategy 7. Corporate   Sales   forecasts USING   THE   ABOVE   FOUNDATION, THE   MARKETING DEPARTMENT DEVELOPS MARKETING OBJECTIVES. MARKETING   Ã‚  MANAGEMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  HAVE OBJECTIVES. THE   MARKETING   OBJECTIVES   ARE   SCIENTIFICALLY   DERIVED. FIRST PRIME   OBJECTIVE   Ã‚  OF   MARKETING -is   to   support   and   help the   organization   to   achieve   the   CORPORATE   OBJECTIVES. - SECOND   OBJECTIVE -THE   SECOND   IMPORTANT   OBJECTIVE   OF   MARKETING   is   to   enable   the   Ã‚     organization   survive and   prosper   through meeting   needs   and   wants   of   customers   by matching   a   companys capabilities   with customer   needs / wants. THIRD   OBJECTIVE -to   provide   an agreed. consistent   and   well   directed   target   range   of volume for   all   departmental   functions,   which will   help   them   to   streamline their   activities for   the   period. *finance *manufacturing/ production *human   resource tc etc - FOURTH   OBJECTIVE -to provide   the   marketing department   a   tool to   Ã‚  plan and   manage   its   activities,   THROUGH   Ã‚  MARKETING   PLAN. FIFTH   OBJECTIVE -TO   provide   a   stretch   points   Ã‚  for   setting   sub-objectives /planning/   strategies for   Ã‚  MARKETING   Ã‚  DEPARTMENT. *market   share   target. *competitive   standing   target. *customer   awareness   target.. *cu stomer   retention   target *new   products   target SIXTH   OBJECTIVE -to   provide   a   method devised   to achieve   the   objectives in   the   promotion MIX. SEVENTH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OBJECTIVE -TO   provide   a   stretch   points   Ã‚  for   setting   sub-objectives /planning/   strategies for   SALES   MANAGEMENT *product   coverage. *customer coverage. *geographical   Ã‚  area   coverage. etc - EIGHTH   OBJECTIVE -TO   provide   a   stretch   points   Ã‚  for   setting   sub-objectives /planning/   strategies for   Ã‚  Ã‚  DISTRIBUTION   MANAGEMENT *distribution   penetration   target. NINTH   Ã‚  OBJECTIVE -TO   provide   a   stretch   points   Ã‚  for   setting   sub-objectives /planning/   strategies for   CUSTOMER   Ã‚  SERVICE   Ã‚  MANAGEMENT *customer   satisfaction   level. TENTH   Ã‚  OBJECTIVE -TO   provide   a   stretch   points   Ã‚  for   setting   sub-objectives /planning/   strategies for   OVER ALL   Ã‚  CONTROL   Ã‚  THROUGH   Ã‚  RESEARCH. *consumer   research. *customer   satisfaction surveys. *internal   operation   research. *distribution   study *marketing research etc etc ============================================== THE   MARKETING OBJECTIVES   ARE BASED ON   THE SCIENTIFIC   DATA   PROVIDED   BY -consumer   research   data -market   research   data -market   surveys -market   analysis -competitors   analysis -product   analysis -product   test   analysis -product   plans -test   market   results -market strategy   Ã‚  analysis -sales   analysis -distribution   analysis -media   analysis -promotion analysis -customer satisfaction   Ã‚  survey -retail audit   data -marketing   auditing   data -market   forecast -sales   forecast -sales   planning   data -distribution   planning -customer   analysis -market   segment   analysis consumer [   socio/economic /demographic/psychograph ic]   data ETC   ETC. ================================================== FROM THE   CORPORATE   MARKETING OBJECTIVES AND GUIDELINES,   WE   DEVELOP   THE MARKETING   PLAN. 1. EXECUTIVE   SUMMARY 2. SITUATION   ANALYSISMARKET   ANALYSIS -market   needs -market trends -market   potential and   growth -market characteristics -market   segments etc 3. SITUATION ANALYSISCOMPANY   ANALYSIS -strengths -weaknesses 4. BUSINESS   ENVIRONMENT -political -economic -social -technology -opportunities -threats -competition -services -keys to success -critical   issues -channels 5. MARKETING   STRATEGIES marketing   objectives -financial   objectives -target   marketing -positioning -marketing strategy 6. MARKETING   MIX -products -pricing -promotion -distribution -channels -marketing   research 7. SALES   PLANS 8. FINANCE -sales forecast -expense   forecast -contribution   margin. 9. IMPLEMENTATION   Ã‚  PLANS -milestones -time   schedule 1 0. MARKETING   /   SALES   ORGANIZATION 11. CONTROL   SYSTEM -time   schedule -action   plan. 12. CONTINGENCY   Ã‚  PLANNING. ======================================= NOW   WE   CAN SEE   THAT, Marketing management is   not an artistic exercise and   highly subjective, BUT   IT IS AN EXERCISE   OF scientific   analysis   of   data. -scientifically   tested objectives, which   are achieveable with   a   well planned   programs. ############################################## 2. How does cause or corporate societal marketing affect consumers personal behavior? Clarify in context to the products and services you are using or planning to purchase. The societal marketing concept is an enlightened marketing that holds that a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers wants, the companys requirements and societys long run interests. It is closely linked with the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility and of Sustainable Development. The concept has an emphasis on social responsibility and suggests that it is not sufficient for a company to only focus on exchange relationship with customers might not be in order to sustain long term success. Marketing strategy rather should deliver value to customers in a way that maintains or improves both the consumers and the societys well-being. Most companies recognize that socially responsible activities improve their image among customers, stockholders, the financial community, and other relevant publics. Ethical and socially responsible practices are simply good business, resulting not only in favorable image, but ultimately in increased sales. ===================== For example   IN   SOCIETAL   MARKETING. †¢Proctor ; Gamble Pakistan has introduced the brand of fat free oil to prevent the growing ratio of heart disease. ============================================= †¢Various automobile manufacturers are focusing more on producing CNG cars that is not only environmental friendly but it is also very economical. So this trend is getting popular very quickly. One can verify it by observing the increasing number of CNG stations. ========================================================== †¢There are various companies that are favoring the use of recycled paper to aid more life to trees. ================================================== *McDonalds   Environmentalism Throughout the late 1980s, McDonalds instituted and publicized a number of environmentally positive steps in its domestic operations. It reduced consumption, for instance, by using lighter weight paper in straws, paper bags and other items and recycled paper and cardboard packaging. In 1987, it switched from polystyrene (used for the clamshells) blown with CFCs, the family of chemicals which destroy the ozone layer, to plastic foam that used hydrocarbon blowing agents (Annual Report, 1989, pp. 10-15). In 1989, the company instituted a pilot program in 450 New England stores to recycle its plastic clamshells (Livesey, 1993, pp. 12-14). In April, 1990, it committed $100 million, or one quarter of the companys annual building and remodeling budget, to buy recycled materials for restaurant construction, remodeling, and operations under a program called McRecycle (Livesey, 1993, pp. 13-14). ============================================================ *ADIDAS has embarked on a number of projects , all community based. -better pay for local workers in the under-developed countries. -avoiding under-age employees. -support for local community sports. -offer of free sports gears for talents. -sports events sponsorship. -supporting the construction of sports grounds. -chea per brands for selected countries etc etc. ======================================= *COCA COLA has programs for -local water supply -community developments like sports etc etc etc ===================================== *McDONALDS have programs for local school sports support -scholarships for talents etc etc ============================ While some businesses view corporate social responsibilty (CSR) as an image enhancement tool with no tangible benefits, many organisations are increasingly concerned about managing social issues to benefit stakeholder interests. In todays increasingly competitive and changing marketplace CSR can become a competitive advantage. Specifically, consumers’ perceptions of a firm’s corporate social responsibility have been shown to influence their attitudes toward a company , particularly when committing to a purchase. CSR is reflected in practice by   businesses adopting a societal marketing focus. Societal marketing has been shown to have a positive impact on consumer attitudes and behaviour in various countries . Indeed many companies attribute societal marketing as a major success factor . Societal marketing as a business philosophy can be implemented in many ways including concern for the environment, employee schemes and involvment in specific social causes or cause related marketing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Societal Marketing While there is no widely accepted definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines CSR as ‘the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve quality of life’ (WBSCD, 2000). Hence, CSR is the voluntary adoption by companies of responsibilities beyond purely economic or legal responsibilities . The societal marketing concept introduces corporate social responsibility (CSR) into marketing practices. Societal marketing incorporates a focus on the consumer’s and society’s well-being . Research executed in many countries has consistently shown that consumers express a more positive attitude toward a company that practices societal marketing, and additionally prefer to purchase the products of these companies . Corporate Image Various definitions of corporate image exist. Corporate image is sometimes seen as synonymous with corporate reputation or as different to corporate reputation but interrelated. Part of the confusion results from the various uses of the term ‘corporate image’ by both practitioners and academics to the extent that corporate image and corporate identity are often used interchangeably and imprecisely . Corporate image is the net result of the interaction of a person’s beliefs, ideas, feelings and impressions about a company and exists in the mind of that person . Corporate image is the totality of a stakeholder’s perceptions of the way an organisation presents itself, either deliberately by controllable sources or accidentally by uncontrollable sources. Over the last three decades, several models of corporate image formation have been developed by various authors . These models propose various factors effecting corporate image formatiot. The results of these studies provide the foundation for model development. Consumers’ attitudes towards corporate image is influenced by three key factors: corporate marketing communications in general, the specific features of the societal marketing program implemented by the company, and consumer demographics. There are three types of corporate marketing communications: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary communication refers to communication directly to or with a consumer or initiated by a consumer including direct interaction with a staff member, attendance at corporate seminars or events and visiting a compnaies website. Secondary communication is identified as a system for visual identification and formal corporate communications, for example through advertising, public relations, graphic design and sales promotion. Typically secondary communication is mass communication. Tertiary communication refers to word-of-mouth and Societal marketing program O Program symbolism O Behaviour O Program communications Demographic characteristics O Gender O Age O Education level O Income level O Marital status Consumers’ attitude   towards corporate image Corporate marketing communications (general) O Primary communications O Secondary communications O Tertiary communications ====================================================== OF   Ã‚  COURSE,   AS   AN   USER   Ã‚  OF 1. McDONALD   FAST   FOOD, -I admire   their   hygiene   Ã‚  approach. -their   contribution to   the   community   school support   program. 2. ADDIDAS -their   contribution to the   local   community   sports development. ###################################################### Add to this Answer * Ask a Question Related Articles * Writing a Business Plan Market Analysis * Product#39;s Ready! Now What? 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It can also be defined as the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function Maintenance Management All the activities of the management that determine the maintenance objectives or priorities (defined as targets assigned and accepted by the management and maintenance department), strategies (defined as a management method in order to achieve maintenance objectives), and responsibilities and implement them by means such as maintenance planning, maintenance control and supervision, and several improving methods including economical aspects in the organization. The term ‘maintenance’ means to keep the equipment in operational condition or repair it to its operational mode. Main objective of the maintenance is to have increased availability of production systems, with increased safety and optimized cost. Maintenance management involves managing the functions of maintenance. Maintaining equipment in the field has been a challenging task since the beginning of industrial revolution. Since then, a significant of progress has been made to maintain equipment effectively in the field. As the engineering equipment becomes sophisticated and expensive to produce and maintain, maintenance management has to face even more challenging situations to maintain effectively such equipments in industrial environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This brief lecture on maintenance management includes maintenance strategies, functions of maintenance department, maintenance organization and elements of maintenance management. MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES OR OPTIONS A maintenance strategy or option means a scheme for maintenance, i. e. an elaborate and systematic plan of maintenance action. Following are the maintenance strategies [1] that are commonly applied in the plants. * Breakdown Maintenance or Operate to Failure or Unplanned Maintenance * Preventive or Scheduled Maintenance * Predictive or Condition Based Maintenance Opportunity Maintenance * Design out Maintenance The equipment under breakdown maintenance is allowed to run until it breaks down and then repairing it and putting back to operation. This strategy is suitable for equipments that are not critical and have spare capacity or redundancy available. In preventive or scheduled Maintenance, maintenance actions such as inspection, lubrication, cleaning, adjustment and repla cement are undertaken at fixed intervals of numbers of hours or Kilometers. An effective PM program does help in avoidance of accidents. Condition monitoring (CM) detects and diagnoses faults and it helps in planned maintenance based on equipment condition. This condition based maintenance strategy or predictive maintenance is preferred for critical systems and for such systems breakdown maintenance is to be avoided. A number of CM techniques such as vibration, temperature, oil analysis, etc. have been developed, which guide the users in planned maintenance [2]. In opportunity maintenance, timing of maintenance is determined by the procedure adopted for some other item in the same unit or plant. In design out maintenance, the aim is to minimize the effect of failures and in fact eliminates the cause of maintenance. Although it is an engineering design problem, yet it is often a responsibility of maintenance department. This is opted for items of high maintenance cost that are due to poor maintenance, poor design or poor design outside design specifications. It may be mentioned that a best maintenance strategy for each item should be selected by considering its maintenance characteristics, cost and safety. In addition to the above, new strategies concepts such as Proactive Maintenance, Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), etc. have recently been evolved to look it from different perspectives and this has helped in developing effective maintenance. In proactive maintenance, the aim is identify what can go wrong, i. e. by monitoring of parameters that can cause failures. In RCM, the type of maintenance is chosen with reliability of the system in consideration, i. e. system functions, failures relating to those functions and effects of the dominant functional system failures. This strategy in the beginning was applied to critical systems such as aircrafts, nuclear and space applications. At present, this is being extended to critical systems in the plant. TPM, a Japanese concept, involves total participation of all concerned. The aim is to have overall effectiveness of the equipment with participation of all concerned using productive maintenance system. FUNTIONS OF A MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT Following are the major functions of a maintenance department [3-4]: * Maintenance of installed equipment and facilities * Installations of new equipment and facilities PM tasks – Inspection and lubrication of existing equipment * CM tasks – monitoring of faults and failures using appropriate techniques * Modifications of already installed equipment and facilities * Management of inventory * Supervision of manpower * Keeping records MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION It concerns in achieving an optimum balance between plant availability and maintenance resource uti lization. The two organization structures that are common are: Centralized and Decentralized. A decentralized structure would probably experience a lower utilization than centralized one but would be ble to respond quickly to breakdowns and would achieve higher plant availability. In practice, one may have a mix of these two. A maintenance organization can be considered as being made up three necessary and interdependent components. 1. Resources: men, spares and tools 2. Administration: a hierarchy of authority and responsibility for deciding what, when and how work should be carried out. 3. Work Planning and Control System: a mechanism for planning and scheduling the work and feeding back the information that is needed for correctly directing the maintenance effort towards defined objective. It may be mentioned that maintenance / production system is a continuously evolving organism in which the maintenance organization will need continuous modifications in response to changing requirements. Moreover, it is required to match the resources to workload. Maintenance activities – be it preventive or condition monitoring, involve use of resources- men and materials including documents. This requires coordination amongst the involved personnel so that these are timely undertaken. Work planning and control system under maintenance management in the plant ensures this and provides planning and control of activities associated with maintenance. This means application of general management principles of planning, organizing, directing and controlling to the maintenance functions, e. g. to the establishment of procedures for development of maintenance strategy and to models for describing the flow of work through maintenance work planning department. Control system controls the maintenance cost and plant condition. ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT An effective maintenance system includes the following elements [3-4]: * Maintenance Policy * Control of materials * Preventive Maintenance * Condition Monitoring * Work Order * Job planning * Priority and backlog control * Data recording system * Performance measurement measures or indices Maintenance performance for a plant or an organization can be assessed through analysis of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) plant data. Relevant parameters, measures or indices for specific plants can be identified [5]. The performance over a period of time will show if it is improving, going down or being sustained. This will also help in knowing how well the objectives are being met. In addition, it will guide the areas which are strong and which need to be strengthened. Use of computers and dedicated software will certainly help in implementing this and the maintenance management system in general. CONCLUSION The above lecture has briefly focused on the various aspects of maintenance management. Maintenance is expected to play even much bigger role in years to follow, as industries worldwide are going through an increasing and stiff competition and increased automation of plants. The down time cost for such systems is expected to be very high. To meet these challenges, maintenance has to use latest technology and management skills in all spheres of activities to perform its effective role in profitability of the company.