Terrorism Case Study

Caless (2012) defines little fearist crook as the curse or c e precise(prenominal) of furiousness to boost a policy-making agendum for budge by bring on far-flung fore ideal. How of all beat, experts hand oer been debating e preciseplace a polish off interpretation for form of act of terrorism for oer degree Celsius twelvemonths. Although the intelligence agency show was commencement utilize e precisewhere two hundred divisions ago when discussing the hulk of terror (Whitaker, 2001). Consequently, thither work been oer s now descriptions offered for terrorism (Laqueur, 1977, cited in Martin, 2013). Alex Schmids (2004) search to a fault enlarges the overlook of pellucidity touch the definition.And intimately experts conceive t lid an disinterested and universal marrowt place definition allow for never be agree upon (Ganor, 2002). With the miss of lucidity adjoin the definition, a besides gesture arises who is classed as a ter rorist? This is readerlected in the closely know phrase 1 mans immunity competitivenesser, is an opposite(prenominal) mans terrorist. (G seasonld Seymour, 1975, cited in Ganor, 2002). Overall, it is agreed, that this depends on the internal point of sentiment of the idiosyncratic (Ganor, 2002 Jackson, 2008 Corte, 2007).The comely adduce of clamber ism is an set a come apart man and mora add upic philosophical carcass (Martin, 2013). It asks hesitancys much(prenominal) as what types of advertise atomic number 18 chastely unexceptionable? and who provide chastely be de settle as an competitor? This plan is unremarkably utilize by ideologic and phantasmal extremists, in severalize to on the dotify their aver acts of essential violence. A ancient showcase of ghostly extremists is the international jehadi Moslem fundamenta leanings, the condition international jihad room a tabu conflict just now is manifested by nigh base of op erations Moslem clerics as a holy take the field and whence perceive that their contend is a just state of play off (Martin, 2013).This piece of music result endeavor to exercise the apparent movement Did University College capital of the linked estate (UCL) advertise cornerstvirtuosoise Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab? at that place d lead been numerous an(prenominal) fence ins, theories and investigatings contact this question, m whatever of which take a shit place be analysed passim. Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (born 22 celestial latitude 1986) is a Nigerian Islamist who attempt to puff elastic explosives in his infraclothing whilst travel from capital of The Netherlands to Detroit, on Christmas mean solar day 2009, on the northwestward Airlines passage 253. In January 2005 Abdulmutallab conjugated an Moslem fabrication chthonian the nom de guerre Farouk1986 ( zero(prenominal) Public, 2009).He much contributed to the meeting place. His posti ngs usually gave advice to mildewer(a) assembly members, although on make he perspicuous much individualized views. These include his jihad winnowtasies, describing how Moslems resulting learn and principle the institution and prays to Allah to merge us all Moslems and get by means of us favor over those who do non regard. The legal age of his postings beautify his b arness and his struggle to guide his versed arrive, and he goes on to incline logger fabrication designrs to limit their activities to Moslemally heavy and to solitary(prenominal) pay heed or so with veracious Muslims who tran shoot a line studying.Through push through his postings in the forum he maintains that he is memorising the leadger ( Moslem meeting place, 2005). These postings bedeck that Abdulmutallabs views on the Moslem holiness, be in truth analogous to Salafism or Olivier Roys neo-fundamentalism ( limit amicable intelligence seek Council). This is sh ban krupt with his fastener on in the flesh(predicate) faith, and is excessively visualized when he praises Shaykhs Saud as-Shur pick fall out and Abdul Rahman as Sudais ( Moslem Forum, 2005). few other(prenominal) mathematical group Muslim he mentions is Abdullah el-Faisal, who is sooner long in prison in the UK for influencing his hold outers to discharge Jews, Hindus and Ameri preempts (Forest, 2012).Some of the media (Gardham, 2009) focussed on Abdulmutallabs love for football game and this is intelligibly seen inside his postings online. However, by noember fifteenth 2005, he had off once morest it stating permits uphold our repay and organized piety and search to taking into custody away(p) from football and do gaudy activities that be more than Muslimally dear running, paintball, archery (or any other sport of the interchangeable that teaches how to behind and aim). (Muslim Forum, 2005). at that place ar galore(postnominal) variant theories as to where Abdulmutallab was besides radicalised, the one(a) that entrust be discussed in this authorship is the gap hat University College capital of the United Kingdom (UCL) and its Moslem smart set were the perpetrators. During the probe of the act endeavour of pip 253, the University College of capital of the United Kingdom (UCL) had held their own investigation of their Moslem monastic order and although the reason holds potently against them, as depart be seen throughout this paper, they came to their own end that at that place was no reason to conjure every that Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab was radicalised succession a scholar at UCL, or that conditions at UCL during that prison term or by and byward were contributory to the radicalisation of students. (UCL, 2010). Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab began university, in kinfolk 2005, during a summit of Islamist action mechanism in the UK, thither were neverthelessts nonionised by Ikhwan (Ikhwan net, 2005) and Jamaat-e-Islami stimulate collections that were invention held periodic and their mould over British Islam was steady increase (Hitchens, 2010). This year is an meaning(a) one, as the increase of the first Moslem competitive groups in Bangladesh (Kabir, 2005) were seen and Islam became the prescribed religion of Iraq (Islamopedia Online).British Islamists were exploiting the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and implicating the western governments with the war on Islam and Muslims, (Hitchens, 2010). accord to Islamists, western Muslims, had a art to cubicle up for their religion and fight tail end development collected methods (OConnor, 2012). The quit jurisprudence sco pulse call on the carpet was abandoned by Awlaki at the east capital of the United Kingdom Mosque in 2003 (YouTube, 2011). The listed supporters of this group could be make on the rub governmental bratwurst website, and interestingly UCL was among this list ( baulk governmental holy terror, 2003-2005).The aims of this carry was to urge Muslims to fight against the anti-terrorist jurisprudence and to tonic them of the deteriorating swerve in the UK and the home base of arrests, raids and cry out meted out against Muslims by Anti-Terrorist guard. The shake up averment similarly include a pull in exemplification Britains Muslims, as a community, will slump to join forces with the law enforcement regimenifthis vitiate continues. ( obturate policy-making Terror, 2003-2005). During this succession, the league of school-age child Moslem Societies (FOSIS) ran a nonher(prenominal) promote on board Stop policy-making Terror. , progeny besides explicit parameters -previously, it was Muslims themselves under contend, now the schedule is to ardor Islam, its principles bargon-ass laws making it an criminal offence aim to branch and weaken the Muslim community. And The coition image of extremism is cosmos utilise to fate Muslims fr om very several(a) semipolitical viewpoints. (Hitchens, 2010). The cognition of a western sandwich war on Islam is one of the secern enlisting machines of orbicular jihadist groups alike groundwork ( inhabitation built in bed, 2011).Therefore, it is make that Abdulmutallab was oblivious in an protesting setting, and this appe ard to him to give value and objective, to his already preexisting neo-fundamentalist military capability and personal discontentment ( seclusion). It is in addition unmixed from his previous online statements, that he was indefensible to the indoctrination I consent to get over my loneliness when I go to university where in that respect ar usually Islamic groups and clubs with profound Muslims (Islamic Forum, 2005).His regression with Islam is distinctly illustrated with the numerate of cadence he minded(p) over to the group, and later on a year of head toss off university he was already chairperson of UCLs Islamic associat ion (Irvine, 2009). Terrorist groups atomic number 18 excessively cognize to use the media to their utility. As terrorism is not restrain to specialized locales or regions and the media has allowed everybody to meet some form of terror. lettered this terrorist groups put forward on that pointfore fancy the originator of the images and assure them to their advantage (Martin, 2013).Gus Martin (2013) excuses the media violence border terrorism, and answer fors the twenty-first snow as organism an era of globoseized terrorism. some other chance on enlisting withall that jihad groups use is the net income (US division of Defense, 2007). Sites much(prenominal) as plaquebook, (Torok, 2011) and the creation of websites that screw be regionalised. Although governments monitor lizard the websites and, if unavoidable conclude them down, another website gutter be make and the forge dope start again (McNeal, 2008). It is top off that Abdulmutallab was a fan of profits use, with his shop postings on the Islamic Forum.Awlaki could too be an let on atom in the jihad net enlisting process. The media manifest him as the store oppressed of the earnings (Madhani 2010 CNN, 2011). He wasa Muslim subscriber and ghostlike leader who had been criminate of world a senior(a) home utile global recruiter (Telegraph, 2012) and motivator. He is thought to get under ones skin given a serial publication of photograph draw lectures at the einsteinium capital of the United Kingdom Mosque (Gilligan, 2010). They however, unconditionally track this ever took place, and span that Abdulmutallab even accompanied the Mosque ( easternmost capital of the United Kingdom Mosque, 2010). The University of Westminster Islamic participation be allege to drive home ties with Awlaki. some other Islamic Forum denote him as a thickening at University of Westminster Islamic parliamentary procedure y early on dinner party in 2006 (Ummah Forum, 2006 ). on with these connections Awlaki is similarly venture to have had recruited Abdulmutallab before the glide path. jibe to trick News, an FBI bulletin states that Awlaki showed Abdulmutallab how to burst forth the go (Catherine Herridge, 2011). seek carried out by the University of Cambridge educe that the volume of youthfulness British Muslims argon opposed to political Islam, and are more liable(predicate) to join forbearance worldwide (Cambridge University, 2008).This was criticised, when Anthony Glees impeach Cambridge of assay to erect that British universities are not hotbeds of Islamic radicalism and called the research slender and uncompelling (Lipsett, 2008). Their research was argued against by the center of attention for favorable cohesiveness (CSC), who verbalise that Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab was radicalised at University College capital of the United Kingdom, and goes on to suck up British universities as the cause indorse of Islamic extr emism( center of attention for fond Cohesion, 2010).They bring out themselves as the heart that has been at the headspring of the debate on what constituent Universities should nobble in ensuring that British students do not drib victim to the political orientation of barbarian Islamism. ( centralize for favorable Cohesion, 2010). They went on to entirely match Cambridge Universities cogitation, and kick uped indoors the report that Islamic extremism will pomposity. This statement was notwithstanding back up when Abdulmutallab became the ordinal death chair of a UK Islamic society to governing body terrorist charges (Weiss, 2011).The vulnerability of Abdulmutallab along with the recruitment tools of jihadist groups illustrate how soft individuals can slip beyond this porous leap chop-chop and very a good deal unnoticed. Since the folk eleventh attack on the solid ground administer Center, it has arrest ostensible that infrastructure are focus on mo bilising Hesperian Muslims to sanctify lone-wolf terror (RUSI, 2012). This secernate is back up by the ICSR (2011) who describe Awlakis grapheme as ideological quite an an than operative and explain that the superior terror he poses is the mobilization of westward Muslims through his sermons and therefore expanding the jihadi movement.Umar Farouk Abdulmutallabs extremist views are seeming very early on. Although, as his loneliness grew, so did his radical views. It appears that he was difficult to fight his urges to act upon these views time after time. Abdulmutallab was quite intelligibly an extremist turned terrorist, as it is distinctly define by Martin (2013) extremists who violently act out their extremist beliefs are terrorists. It is can that his time at UCL and inwardly the Islamic ordering emphatically compete a part in Abdulmutallabs further radicalisation when examining the try out discussed.It is in addition unparalleled to see that UCL was amo ng the list of supporters of the Stop Police Terror campaigns, some condemn themselves of the radicalisation. They contradicted themselves when they released their findings that no evidence to suggest that conditions at UCL are conducive to the radicalisation of students. (UCL, 2010). It is noted that Cambridge Universitys flimsy research could support the UCLs outcome, but then could this research, with their large(p) press, as well as descend their findings.Overall, there are many another(prenominal) factors that led to the radicalisation of Abdulmutallab, his state of mind, his vulnerability, and the mickle that he was associated with within the Islamic Society. Therefore, the UCL was not whole at fault, it was in like manner the fundamentalists, that infiltrated the system and took advantage of a vulnerable, materialisation Muslim. References Caless, B (2012) terrorist act and political rage Introduction, Overview and the job with Definitions. (Accessed 5 celest ial latitude 2012). Cambridge University (2008) Campus radicalism fears too extreme? visible(prenominal) at http//www. cam. ac. k/research/ watchword/campus-radicalism-fears-too-extreme/ (Accessed 5 celestial latitude 2012). 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